Tenses

The Simple Tenses
Simple Present	The watches TV every day.
Simple Past	It snowed yesterday.
Simple Future	It will snow tomorrow. It is going to snow tomorrow.
The Progressive Tenses
Present Progressive	Tom is sleeping right now.
Past Progressive	Tom was sleeping when I arrived.
Future Progressive	Tom will be sleeping when we arrive.
The Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect	Tome has already eaten.
Past Perfect	Tom had already eaten when his friend arrived.
Future Perfect	Tom will already have eaten when his friend arrives.
The Perfect Progressive Tenses
Present Perfect Progressive	Tom has been studying for two hours.
Past Perfect Progressive	Tom had been studying for two hours before his friend came.
Future Perfect Progressive	Tom will have been studying for two hours by the time his friend arrives. When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have tought or will have been teaching for 45 years.

[The present perfect and the past perfect] Using since and for

Page 95

Ever since I was a child, I have been afraid of snakes.

Otto has had a lot of problems with his car ever since he bought it. It's a lemon.

I'm eighteen. I have a job and am in school. My life is going okay now, but I had a miserable home life when I was a young child.

Ever since I left home at the age of fifteen, I have taken care of myself. I have had some hard times, but I have learned how to stand on my own two feet.

[The present perfect and the past perfect] Simple past vs. Present perfect

Page 89

7.

A: Has Antonia ever had a job?

B: Yes, he has.

He has had lots of part-time jobs.

Last summer he had a job at his uncle's waterbed store.

8.

A: What European countries have you visited?

B: I have visited Hungary, Germany, and Switzerland.

I visited Hungary in 1998.

I was in Germany and Switzerland in 2001.

[Future time] Future Perfect progressive

[Future time] Future Perfect progressive

We will have been building the bridge by the time you move back.

[Future time] Future progressive

1. 確信某事肯定會發生

When I arrive at the airport, my whole family will be waiting for me.

I shall be traveling this time next year. (來去動詞：現在進行式代替未來式)

2. 預則或希望某事發生

When I get home, my wife will probably be watching TV.

I hope it won't still be raining when we have to go to shcool.

3. 詢問別人的安排，特別是當你想得到別人幫助的時候

Will you be passing the post office when you're out?

Will you be using your bicycle tomorrow morning?

Mary will be sleeping when I arrived.

I will be dating my friends at 8 tomorrow morning.

[Future time] Using the simple present to express future time

The simple present can express future time when events are on a definite schedule or timetable.

The most common are arrive, leave, start, begin, end, finish, open, close, be.

definite schedule or timetable.

example

My plane arrives at 7:35 tomorrow evening.

Tom's new job starts next week.

The semester ends in two more weeks.

There is a meeting at ten tomorrow morning.

I am wearing my new suit to the wedding next week.

I am going to wear my new suit to the wedding next week.

Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see him.

Linda is going to leave soon. Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work.

If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella. (條件句用現在式)

來去動詞可以用 Be V-ing 的方式來表達未來

Mike wants to know when Dad will come home tomorrow.

= Mike wants to know when Dad is going to come home tomorrow.

= Mike wants to know when Dad is coming home tomorrow.

example

I am going to Canada next week.

She is flying to Japan in two days.

They are leaving Taiwan in May

[Past time] Past perfect progressive

We had been building the bridge for 3 years when you moved back.

We had been ordering from another supplier for three months by the time James made his offer.

[Past time] Past Perfect and Past

He (had) left before I arrived.

I (had) learned English for 3 year.

= I had learned English for 3 years before I came here.

Example

(A) The McKenzies almost ____ their house for less than it was worth. A real estate agent helped them out.

A. sold

B. were selling

C. had sold

D. had been selling

[Past time] The simple past and the past progressive

過去進行式：過去時間點，正在做什麼

長時間動作是進行式

短時間動作是過去式

example: When I walked into the living room yesterday, Grandpa was reading a newspaper and smoking his pipe.

The simple past V.S. the past progressive

過去簡單式

When it began to rain, I stood under a tree.

(The rain began 先發生, I stood under a tree 後發生)

(我站在樹下這個動作是發生在下雨之後 ) (我一定淋到雨)

過去進行式

When it began to rain, I was standing under a tree.

(I was standing under a tree 先發生，It began to rain 後發生)

the same meaning

when = at that time (這個時間點，所以不能用到進行式)

When the phone rang, I was sleeping.

while = during that time

The phone rang while I was sleeping.

by the time 那個時候

[Past time] Spelling of ing and ed forms

-e		smile	smiling	smiled
		hope	hoping	hoped
Two Consonants		help	helping	helped
		learn	learning	learned
Two vowels + One Consonant		rain	raining	rained
		heat	heating	heated
One vowel + One Consonant	double the consonant (單字只有一個母音，符合 子母子)	stop	stopping	stopped
		plan	planning	planned
	重音在第一個	visit	visiting	visited
		offer	offering	offered
	重音在第二個	prefer	preferring	preferred
		admit	admitting	admitted
-y	子音 + y = 去 y 加 ied	play	playing	played
		enjoy	enjoying	enjoyed
		worry	worrying	worried
		study	studying	studied
-ie		die	dying	died
		tie	tying	tied

Exceptions: Do not double "w" or "x"

snow, snowing, snowed

fix, fixing, fixed