rough vs. tough

 It's a tough day. 

 It's a rough day.

艱難意味著堅強和耐久; 當說艱難的一天-或者′′堅強, 耐久的一天′′時, 這意味著一天不容易度過, 因為它有困難和挑戰. 

Rough意思是′′有粗糙或不平衡的表面′′; 當說艱難的一天, 這意味著要讓你度過一天, 傷害你, 給你帶來痛苦, 讓你累了.. 

有趣的是, 這些形容詞, 實際上是用來描述世界物體的物理性質的語言, 是如何被用於抽象的東西. 艱難的一天可能是你需要克服的一些困難挑戰的一天. 另一方面, 艱難的一天是發生在你身上, 讓你失望的一天. 讓大多數人迷惑不解的部分是, 要麼是或可能是另一回事. 你可以說艱難的一天對你來說很艱難度過一天的困難讓你失望了.

[英文易搞混] base on vs. be based on

1. base on (active 主動) 基於; 根據(定義名詞、代名詞和名詞片語而非動詞)

This conclusion is based on four years of experience.

Conclusions based on experience may still require testing.

Error: Based on the first four years of results, we discarded the original hypothesis.

On the basis of our results, we discarded the original hypothesis.

Error: The administration sent a document on the basis of your suggestion.

The administration sent a document based on your suggestion.

2. be based on (passive 被動) 把…建立在某種基礎上

The results are based on data from the over 10,000 trial participants.

There is no such phrase as “on the base of” or “basing on”. 

另外，沒有“on the base of” 或是“basing on”這種用法。

3. on the basis of 以……的基礎 (定義動詞的介詞片語)

Reference:

https://esenglishlounge.com/2017/03/05/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99qa-base-on-based-on-%E5%92%8C-on-the-basis-of-%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5/

based on 與 on the basis of

But to

 But to get past the slogans, Johnson will need to  但是要摆脱口号，约翰逊将需要

Do you mind if I sit here?

1. Do you mind + if + 人 + present V + … ? 尋求許可

2. Would you mind + if + 人 + past V + … ? 尋求許可

3. Do you mind + V-ing + … ? 請求/要求

4. Would you mind + V-ing + …? 請求/要求

spend / cost / take / pay

Cost

  物品 + cost(s) + 人 + ＄.

  The LV bag cost me NT$80,000.

It + cost(s) + 人 + ＄ + to + 原形動詞.

  It cost him NT$80,000 to buy the LV bag

Spend

spen d 用於花費「時間、金錢」，主詞只能是「人」，其後若有第二個動詞，則只能用「動名詞」形式。（ 過去式為 spent，過去分詞也是 spent ）

  人 + spend + 時間/ ＄ + V-ing.

  I spent 10 minutes waiting for the bus.

  人 + spend + ＄ + on + 物品.

  He spent $100 on the LB (Lu Beintan 路邊攤) bag.

Take

take 用於花費「時間」（ 過去式為 took，過去分詞是 taken ）

  It + takes/took + 人 + 時間 + to + 原形動詞.

  It took Eric 10 hours to grade all the assignments.

  V-ing (動名詞當主詞) + takes/took + 人 + 時間.

  Writing this Chinese sentence took Eric 20 minutes.

Pay

pay 的本意為「付錢」，故只能用於「金錢」上，當然「主詞」也只能是「人」。（ 過去式為 paid，過去分詞也是 paid ）

  人 + pay + ＄ + for + 物品. ->（人）付 ＄ 買（物）

  I paid a lot of money for that iPhone99S.

Suppose、supposing 、 what if 和 should 的用法

Suppose、supposing 和 what if + 現在簡單式 － 表示對未來可能發生的事情提出建議。例如：

• Suppose we stop for a lunch break now? (我們現在歇一會兒吃午餐怎麼樣？)
• Supposing you fail the exam – what will you do then? (假設你考試不及格 － 那該怎麼辦？)
• What if you don’t pass your exams? (你要是考試不及格怎麼辦？)

Suppose、supposing 和 what if + 過去簡單式 － 表示比上述更不確定某事在未來是否可能發生。例如：

• Suppose I asked David to fix my computer? Do you think he’d do it? (如果我請大衛修理電腦怎麼樣？你想他會做嗎？)
  － 沒有 Suppose I ask David to fix my computer? 來得確定。
• Supposing you won the lottery, what would you do with the money? (假如你中了樂透，你會怎樣處置那筆彩金？)
  － 沒有 Supposing you win the lottery… 來得確定。
• What if the boss walked in here now and saw us? (如果老闆現在走進來這裡看到我們該怎麼辦？)
  － 沒有 What if the boss walks in here now and sees us? 來得確定。

Suppose、supposing 和 what if + 過去完成式 － 表示與過去事實相反，亦即這是一種過去的假設情況，實際上該事件並未發生。例如：

• Suppose I hadn’t gone to that concert with you. (如果我沒有跟你去聽那場音樂會會怎麼樣？) － 事實上，我有去聽那場音樂會。
• Supposing Cindy had broken up with her boyfriend. Would that have been a good idea? (如果辛蒂跟她男友分手，那會是個好主意嗎？) － 事實上，辛蒂沒有跟她男友分手。
• A: What if you’d decided to move to the United States! What city would you have chosen? (A：如果你已決定搬到美國！你會選擇哪個城市？) － 事實上，你並沒有決定搬到美國。
  B: I would have chosen Los Angeles. (B：我會選擇洛杉磯)
• Jason was supposed to hand in his paper, but he didn’t.
• Jason was going to hand in his paper, but he didn’t.
  Jason應該交上他的作業，但他卻沒有。
• The bus was supposed to arrive.
• The bus was going to arrive.
• 這班公車應該要到站了。

Should 應該 

用於現在式或未來式，表示應該做某件事，有責任與義務的意涵。
用於過去式: I should have Vp.p.，有後悔當初沒做什麼的意思。

• I should have told you that I love you.
• 我早該告訴你我愛你。
• She should be responsible for the task.
• 她應該負責這項任務。

You're not supposed (= allowed) to be ogling my friends.

She should be (= it was expected that she would be) here by no

tall

Tall order -- 很高的要求、很困難的任務

Tall one／Tall size -- 一大杯

Short one/Short size -- 一小杯

Cut short --提前結束