Please hand in the report
before Friday (deadline: at 11:59pm on Thursday)
by Friday (deadline: at 11:59pm on Friday)
on later than Friday (deadline: at 11:59pm on Friday)
by the time = when
as of next month
有 3 個意思：
up to (截至): Here's the latest coronavirus news as of 12 pm on November 11.
on: the contract takes effect as of 1 January 2022.
from: As of next month, all the prices will go up.
All you have to do is + V
What you need to do is + V
a. I forgot ___1.___ the door.
(= The door wasn't locked)
b. I forgot ___2.___ the door.
(= The door was locked and you just forgot about that.)
to lock; locking
a. We stop ___1.___ at him.
(= We were laughing at him, but now we stop.)
b. We stop ___2.___ at him.
(= We stop what we're doing and start to laugh at him.)
laughing; to laugh
expression of time
expression of time or money
expression of place
find/catch + (pro)nonu + ing
Do you mind my sitting here?
(=Do you mind if I sit here?)
The man (who is) chewing loudly annoys her. (chewing loudly 只是補充) (那個 (咀嚼很大聲的) 男人令她反感)
The man's chewing loudly annoys her. (那男人咀嚼很大聲這件事令她反感)
Common preposition combinations followed by gerunds (blue Page 302)
13. I want you to know that I'm sorry. I don't know if you can ever forgive me for causing you so much trouble.
15. I'm not happy in my work. I often dream about quitting my job.
16. How do you stop someone from doing something you know is wrong?
19. Anna made a lot of big mistakes at work. That's why she was afraid of losing her job.
worry about/be worried about
1. someone/somebody 某人
用於肯定句
用於請求和提議
ex. There’s someone at the office.
有人在辦公室。
ex. Can you send someone to help me?
你可以派人幫我嗎？
ex. Would you like to talk to somebody?
你想和別人聊聊嗎？
2. anyone/anybody 任何人.有人
用於否定句
用於尋找資訊的問題
ex. I don’t think anyone is at the office.
我不認為有人在辦公室。
ex. Has anybody seen my keys?
有人看到我的鑰匙嗎？
ex. Why hasn’t anyone returned my calls?
為什麼沒有人回我電話？
3. everyone/everybody 每個人.所有人
談及所有人與情況或群體有關
ex. Everyone in our class graduated.
我們班上的每個人都畢業了。
ex. It was great to see everybody at the reunion!
很高興在這次聚會中看到每個人。
ex. Everybody had a great time.
每個人都玩得很開心。
Your friends are 1 doing 2 everything 3 to take care of you 4. Why don't you learn to appreciate them?
possible
Answer: 3
look forward to
當你熱切盼望，期待某個人或事的到來，希望它趕快發生、通常是好事具正面的意義時，就用look forward to 來表達。
expect
期盼某件事的到來，而是已預先知道、 已清楚明白某件事將會發生，自己心裡有數，已有所準備，對於將要到來的事已在預料當中了
單數：one, other, another, each, either, neither, less, little, much
複數：others, both, few, several, many
單/複：none, any, more, most, much, some,such
example:
I have several.
Many (people) complained about the loud noise.
little (太多字不可數)
few (可數)
This vs. That
1. 物理距離
2.時間距離
This is a good film. (正在看)
That was a great movie. (之前看)
3. 情感距離
I love these. (相親近)
I don't like those. (想離遠一點)
I don't want to talk about this. (不一定，沒有嚴格)
4. 代替前面提到的事情
有生命所有格
A engineer's salary is lower that that of (= the salary) a doctor's
= A engineer's salary is lower that a doctor's (salary).
無生命，所以不會有 schist's the size
Its grain size is larger than that of (=the size) slate but smaller than that of (=the size) schist.
5. those who
Those (people) who are interested in the course can learn more about it via the link below.
I want nothing but money.
我只想要錢。（除了錢以外我什麼都不要。）
I want anything but money.
我一點都不想要錢。 （除了錢以外我什麼都可以要。）
Drinking coffee late at night will do nothing but stop you from falling asleep.
晚上喝咖啡只會讓你睡不著。
Arnold is an honest person; he tells nothing but the truth.
阿諾德是個誠實的人，他向來只說實話。
The watermelon is anything but sweet.
這顆西瓜一點也不甜。
The weather this week has been anything but sunny.
這週的天氣一點都不晴朗。
BBC Learning English - 6 Minute English / The language of wine
English at Work INTERMEDIATE LEVEL Telephone tell-tale
https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english/ep-201119
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2gxgR--mcQ
https://quizlet.com/144081515/%E7%89%87%E8%AA%9E-phrase%E5%B0%8E%E8%87%B4%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E5%BC%95%E8%B5%B7%E4%BF%83%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E7%89%87%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86-result-in-give-rise-to-bring-about-spark-off-bring-on-give-rise-to-lead-to-contribute-to-cause-flash-cards/
be similar with sb
be similar with 是某人对什么很熟悉 ,是主动
be similar to sth/sb
分詞 可以有 (Ving or Vpp)
同一個主詞所發生不同動作之間的關係
目的：將原本 2 個主詞合併簡化
作用：
1. 動名詞
2. 形容詞
3. 時態：進行式、完成式
4. 被動
NOVA is located next to beautiful Min Lake.
NOVA is of the leading providers of spa service.
= Located next to beautiful Min Lake, NOVA is of the leading providers of spa service.
John, who currently works in Taipei, will be visiting us.
= John, currently working in Taipei, will be visiting us.
A freight track containing engine parts overturned and blocked all four lines, resulting in heavy traffic congestion before authorities were able to reroute traffic.
參考資料
https://meicatenglish.com/participial-construction/
A freight track containing engine parts overturned and blocked all four lines, which resulted in in heavy traffic congestion before authorities were able to reroute traffic.
倒裝句會讓文章顯得比較正式的，如果，是朋友之間的書信來往，或不想讓文章顯得太正式，就不要使用倒裝句型。第二點是不要在一篇文章中，寫太多的倒裝句，會導致強調語意的效果沒了，也會讓讀者的閱讀體驗變不好。文章越短，倒裝句要用的越少，才會有畫龍點睛之妙。
1. Negative Inverted Sentence
否定倒裝句就是將否定副詞、否定副詞片語、否定副詞子句移至句首的倒裝句。
常用的否定副詞：
never (從不) 、hardly (= scarcely 幾乎不)、rarely (很少)、seldom (很少)、little (幾乎不) 。 常
用的否定副詞片語：
by no means (絕對不 )、 in no way ( 絕對不 )、 on no account ( 絕對不 )、 under no circumstances ( 絕對不)、in no situation ( 絕對不 )。
常用的否定副詞子句 ：
not until he came (直到他來) 、 only when he came (只有當他來的時後) 、 only after he came (只有到他來之後 )。
I have never seen such a pretty girl as she (is).
Never have I seen such a pretty girl as she.
我從未見過像她這麼美的女孩。
You are by no means the person we need.
By no means are you the person we need.
你絕非我們需要的人
I was not aware of it until he came.
Not until he came was I aware of it.
直到他來，我才發覺這件事
2. so / such Inverted Sentence
句中有 be 動詞時，該 be 動詞與主詞倒裝
He was so surprised that he couldn't say a word.
So surprised was he that he couldn't say a word.
Such was his surprise that he couldn't say a word.
他是如此地驚訝，以至於說不出話來。
Amy was so sad that she cried her heart out.
So sad was Amy that she cried her heart out.
Such was Amy's sadness that she cried her heart out.
Amy是如此地傷心，她痛哭失聲。
They are such lazy students that they have no hope of passing the exam .
Such lazy students are they that they have no hope of passing the exam .
他們是很懶惰的學生，沒希望通過考試
句中有助動詞時，該助動詞與主詞倒裝
He has done so well that he deserves our respect .
So well has he done that he deserves our respect.
他做得這麼好，值得我們尊敬
He can do it under no circumstances.
Under no circumstances can he do it.
他絕不做此事
He will not do it until Mary offers to help
Not until Mary offers to help will he do it.
直到瑪莉主動幫忙，他才做這事
He can do such a difficult job that he must be quite talented .
Such a difficult job can he do that he must be quite talented.
他能勝任這麼困難的工作，一定很有天賦
句中若有動詞時不可直接倒裝，須在主詞之前先按該動詞時態及人稱變化，分置 do , does 或 did，再將該動詞變成原形動詞。
He did such a wonderful job that he won our respect.
Such a wonderful job did he do that he won our respect.
3. Adverb Inverted Sentence
地方副詞 ( there , here ) 或地方副詞片語 ( in the room , at the station , by the window ) 置於句首，亦可形成倒裝句。
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1p_Q7riGDonJEbWqeA6e_VbggA2Stra_2SjXtWwZLnss/edit
A boy stood there.
There stood a boy.
那兒站著一個男孩
4. Fully Inverted Sentence
He who works hard is respectable.
Respectable is he who works hard.
努力工作的人值得尊敬
5. as in place of though Inverted Sentence
Though he is nice, I dislike him.
Nice as he is, I dislike him.
他人雖然好，我卻不喜歡他。
only + 介系詞片語
You can master something only by constant practice.
Only by constant practice can you master something.
只有透過不斷練習，你才能真的精通一件事情。
I will forgive him only when he apologizes sincerely.
Only when he apologizes sincerely will I forgive him.
只有當他誠心誠意的道歉，我才會原諒他。
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NzHaa_yj_3lLk0sDk6wlPHl6uskBmAtYHkzBrd9IKkk/edit
6. 假設句
would have (想做或會做可是沒有做的事情)
If he had been here, the problem would have been solved.
Had he been here, the problem would have been solved.
如果他在這裡的話，問題早就解決了。
If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay home.
Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay home.
萬一明天下雨的話，我就待在家。
should have (想做或會做可是沒有做的事情)
I’m so tired today. I should have gone to bed early last night.
我今天快累死了，昨晚應該早點去睡。[可是我很晚才去睡]
Could have (可以做但沒有做的事情)
I could have picked you up at the airport, but I didn’t know you were coming.
我是可以到機場接你的，可是我不曉得你要來。[所以沒去接你]
Reference:
https://kaftin.com/thoughts/inversion-and-examples/
http://www.learnerhall.org/2013/01/sosuch-only.html
in order to V
so as to V
不能放句首
The house was built from wood so as to make it look like an old log cabin.
for the sake of +N/Ving
Our school has an elevator for the sake of people who can't use the stairs.
with a view to +N/Ving
I'm studying hard with a view to applying to the best colleges in the country.
because
可以說是因果關係句型中最常見的字了，because 是從屬連接詞，後面要加上一個完整句子，也就是有主詞、動詞的句子。because 加上了 of 之後變成了介係詞，後面必須要加上一個名詞或是動名詞，才是正確的。
because of
He did very well on the mid-term exam because he studied hard for it.
because
The window of the office was broken because of the continual strong wind.
due to (prep.)
due to 是個介係詞，後面必須要加上名詞，不可以接完整句子。
(O) His failure was due to his arrogance.
(X) His failure is due to he is too arrogant.
老師，請問這句為什麼不是過去的時間卻用過去式呢？
I was hoping you could come to my birthday party next week.（我希望你下禮拜可以來我的生日派對。）
Could you take the garbage out?
（你能不能把垃圾拿出去倒？）
如果只是說 Can you take the garbage out? 雖然文法並沒有錯，但如果說 Could you...? 會顯得更有禮貌且委婉喔！
另外再舉幾個例子：
I was wondering if you could give me the answer by this Friday.
（我在想你是否能夠在這星期五之前給我答案。）
I don’t suppose you could cover my shift, could you?
（你沒辦法幫我代班，對吧？）
Could I order a tuna sandwich without onions, please?
（我能不能點一份鮪魚三明治，不要洋蔥，麻煩你？）
所以像是在尋求幫助，或是提出請求的時候，可以運用過去式來讓你的句子顯得不這麼直接，語氣變得更客氣喔！
